The Science

ProGuard+ has been scientifically tested by Cheshire Scientific.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate Definition

“Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end product of the processes of photophosphorylation (adding a phosphate group to a molecule using energy from light), cellular respiration, and fermentation. All living things use ATP. In addition to being used as an energy source, it is also used in signal transduction pathways for cell communication and is incorporated into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) during DNA synthesis”

Biofilm Definition

A biofilm is a thick layer of prokaryotic organisms that have aggregated to form a colony. The colony attaches to a surface with a slime layer which aids in protecting the microorganisms. There are a number of reasons why biofilms are formed, all of which promote growth and survival or the microorganisms. Biofilms are found in almost all environments, and can have negative effects.

Biofilm Structure

A microbial biofilm is made up of many prokaryotic organisms that combine to form a colony. The colony is adhered to a surface and coated with a polysaccharide layer (or slime layer). The slime consists of many porous layers with channels which allow the cells in the centre of the colony to receive nutrients and remove waste products.

Biofilm Function

The microorganisms in a biofilm aggregate to form a colony for metabolic cooperation. This cooperative method of growth increases the cells’ survival through improved defence, increased availability of nutrients, and better opportunities for cellular communication and transfer of genetic material.

Cellular defence is important to combat physical threats such as displacement by a flowing fluid or removal by the immune system. The polysaccharide coating on the biofilm acts as an adhesive to attach the colony to a surface. This prevents removal of the cells by physical force. It also prevents penetration of the biofilm by the immune system or antibiotics. Biofilms can be difficult to remove and can cause risks to human health. For example, with cystic fibrosis a biofilm can form in the lungs leading to adverse symptoms. A number of other bacterial conditions may also be caused by biofilms including cholera, tuberculosis, and Legionnaire’s disease.

The biofilm provides a favourable environment for the microorganisms. The cells adhere to a surface with increased nutrient source, retaining the cells in an optimal niche. The cells are in close proximity which allows for ease of cellular communication through signal molecules. The proximity also provides increased opportunity for horizontal gene transfer, or exchange of genetic material among cells.